ThoughtCo, Dec. 6, 2021, thoughtco.com/second-industrial-revolution-overview-5180514. The changes resulted in the creation of a larger, increasingly professional, middle class, the decline of child labor and the dramatic growth of a consumer-based, material culture. Lee De Forest's subsequent invention of the triode allowed the amplification of electronic signals, which paved the way for radio broadcasting in the 1920s. . It has been followed by the Third Industrial Revolution in which digital communications technology and the internet changed how we transmit information, do business and interact with each other. The Second Industrial Revolution is followed by the Third Industrial Revolution starting in 1947. In 1863 he used etching with acid to study the microscopic structure of metals and was the first to understand that a small but precise quantity of carbon gave steel its strength. The Second Industrial Revolution also gave rise to the first workplace safety and work hours laws, including the prohibition of child labor. [65] The unification of light and electrical phenomena led to the prediction of the existence of radio waves and was the basis for the future development of radio technology by Hughes, Marconi and others.[66]. Invented in 1856 by Sir Henry Bessemer, the Bessemer process allowed for the mass-production of steel. [57] Its popularity soon grew, causing the bike boom of the 1890s. Transportation Effects: 1. The rapid advancement of mass production and transportation made life a lot faster. When the telegraph became available, companies built telegraph lines along the railroads to keep track of trains. Electrification also allowed the inexpensive production of electro-chemicals, such as aluminium, chlorine, sodium hydroxide, and magnesium.[32]. Later coal gained prominence. What were the causes and effects of the Second Industrial Revolution in Western Europe? Top-level decision-making was in the hands of professional salaried managers, leading Chandler to call the German dye companies "the world's first truly managerial industrial enterprises". 3) Mining of Resources. In the same time period, new technological systems were introduced, most significantly electrical power and telephones. ,[49][50] built by engineer Isambard Kingdom Brunel, was the longest ship in the world at 236ft (72m) with a 250-foot (76m) keel and was the first to prove that transatlantic steamship services were viable. [17], Steel rails lasted over ten times longer than did iron,[18] and with the falling cost of steel, heavier weight rails were used. The Second Industrial Revolution: Causes and Effects To help their impoverished families, children, often as young as four years old, were forced to work long hours for little pay in factories under unhealthy and unsafe conditions. Stronger and cheaper to produce, steel soon replaced iron in the building industry. In this more recent scenario, they would render the majority of today's modern manufacturing processes obsolete, transforming all facets of the modern economy. The Living Rock: The Story of Metals Since Earliest Times and Their Impact on Civilization. Considered to have been triggered by the invention of the Bessemer process for the cost-effective production of steel and the associated expansion of the U.S. railroad system, the period resulted in an unprecedented increase in industrial production. The railroad soon became the main way by which companies transported raw materials to their factories and delivered final products to consumers. Consequently, they needed better ways to track costs. In essence, this was a period of tremendous economic, industrial, and technological advancement that took place between the . This started a new era for paper making,[39] and, together with the invention of the fountain pen and the mass-produced pencil of the same period, and in conjunction with the advent of the steam driven rotary printing press, wood based paper caused a major transformation of the 19th century economy and society in industrialized countries. James Hull, "The Second Industrial Revolution: The History of a Concept", harvnb error: no target: CITEREFLandesyear-1969 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFHunterBryant1991 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFRoe1916 (. 1) Capitalism. "Toronto Metal Workers and the Second Industrial Revolution, 18891914,", This page was last edited on 1 May 2023, at 08:04. The work of Justus von Liebig and August Wilhelm von Hofmann laid the groundwork for modern industrial chemistry. Honors World History 3 Chapter 24 Notes Flashcards | Quizlet Industrial Revolution | Causes & Effects | Britannica Higher steam engine efficiency caused the number of steam engines to increase several fold, leading to an increase in coal usage, the phenomenon being called the Jevons paradox. Some argue we are now entering a Fourth Industrial Revolution, in which robotics, artificial intelligence, autonomous vehicles and biotechnology are changing our concepts of both life and consciousness. By the late 1700s many people could no longer earn their living in the countryside. The iconic event was the opening of the First transcontinental railroad in 1869, providing six-day service between the East Coast and San Francisco. A collision in Massachusetts in 1841 led to a call for safety reform. German inventor Karl Benz patented the world's first automobile in 1886. The "acid" Bessemer process had a serious limitation in that it required relatively scarce hematite ore[12] which is low in phosphorus. Great swaths of land that had once whispered grass now screamed corn and wheat.". When was the industrial revolution? - BBC Bitesize In this nonfiction reading and writing activity, students will explore cause and effect, especially as it relates to the industrial revolution. Archive maintained by 'The Pedal Club'. Products More Affordable 2. and Brian Harrison. Although there were many efforts in the mid-19th century to drill for oil Edwin Drake's 1859 well near Titusville, Pennsylvania, is considered the first "modern oil well". By the 1860s, the increased availability and lower cost of Bessemer process steel finally allowed the railroads to utilize it in quantity. [67][68] Control theory is the basis for process control, which is widely used in automation, particularly for process industries, and for controlling ships and airplanes. Recent flashcard sets. The Second Industrial Revolution affected the regions of the United States differently. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press (Rowman & Littlefield), 700pp, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTemple1986 (. After 1830, when it broke away from the Netherlands and became a new nation, it decided to stimulate industry. The Industrial Revolution: Causes & Effects | StudySmarter Gasoline was an unwanted byproduct of oil refining until automobiles were mass-produced after 1914, and gasoline shortages appeared during World War I. Toronto: Peter Burger, 2007. Subsequent industrial revolutions include the Digital revolution and Environmental revolution. Thermodynamic principles were used in the development of physical chemistry. By 1920, rail had become the dominant means of transportation, resulting in a steady decrease in the cost of shipping lasting throughout the rest of the century. Download Free Worksheet View answer key By the early 18th century, people there had used up most of their trees for building houses and ships and for cooking and heating. With World War I on the horizon by 1912, steel made it possible to build larger, stronger, and more powerful warships, tanks, and guns. It increased material wealth, extended life, and was a powerful force for social change. However, the overall health of the working class declined due to the many hours spent toiling in the harsh and unhealthy conditions of the factories. We discovered that for six weeks they had worked from seven in the morning until nine at night, Addams later wrote, and they were exhausted as well as satiated. Identifying Causes & Effects of the Second Industrial Revolution What were the effects of the Second Industrial Revolution? These technological changes introduced novel ways of working and living and fundamentally transformed society. Mass Production & Assembly Line 2. [80] From the 1850s until 1911, British submarine cable systems dominated the world system. Brunel followed this up with the Great Britain, launched in 1843 and considered the first modern ship built of metal rather than wood, powered by an engine rather than wind or oars, and driven by propeller rather than paddle wheel. The first large scale central distribution supply plant was opened at Holborn Viaduct in London in 1882[27] and later at Pearl Street Station in New York City. Other changes that helped bring about the Industrial Revolution included the use of steam, and later of other kinds of power, in place of the muscles of human beings and of animals. Overview of the Second Industrial Revolution This era saw the birth of the modern ship as disparate technological advances came together. Beginning in the 1980s this trend toward economic socialization was reversed in the United States and the United Kingdom. The second industrial revolution also known as the technological revolution was a period of breaking advancements in the aspects of manufacturing, technology, and the methods of industrial production which particularly took place in the United States from 1870 to 1914. It featured wire wheels (unlike carriages' wooden ones)[59] with a four-stroke engine of his own design between the rear wheels, with a very advanced coil ignition [60] and evaporative cooling rather than a radiator. Find History on Facebook (Opens in a new window), Find History on Twitter (Opens in a new window), Find History on YouTube (Opens in a new window), Find History on Instagram (Opens in a new window), Find History on TikTok (Opens in a new window), Universal History Archive/UIG/Getty Images, https://www.history.com/news/second-industrial-revolution-advances, How the Second Industrial Revolution Changed Americans Lives. Other processes were developed for purifying various elements such as chromium, molybdenum, titanium, vanadium and nickel which could be used for making alloys with special properties, especially with steel. Political Ideas. The Golden Book of Cycling William Hume, 1938. Britain invested less in technological research than the U.S. and Germany, which caught up. [69] Control theory was developed to analyze the functioning of centrifugal governors on steam engines. In 1879, famed American inventor Thomas Edison perfected his design for a practical electric lightbulb. Learn. Hull, James O. For example, industrial standardization marked an evolution in the arms industry, says Satia, author of Empire of Guns: The Making of the Industrial Revolution. In 1924 2 million T-Fords were produced and retailed $290 each.[61]. [91], By 1890 there was an international telegraph network allowing orders to be placed by merchants in England or the US to suppliers in India and China for goods to be transported in efficient new steamships. 4. President Thomas Jefferson set the Embargo Act of 1807 during the Napoleonic Wars. In addition to its steam-powered paddle wheels, the ship carried four masts for sails. [6], The first commercial telegraph system was installed by Sir William Fothergill Cooke and Charles Wheatstone in May 1837 between Euston railway station and Camden Town in London. Marconi built high-powered stations on both sides of the Atlantic and began a commercial service to transmit nightly news summaries to subscribing ships in 1904.[87]. The Causes And Effects Of The Second Industrial Revolution Another pioneer was John Bennet Lawes who began to experiment on the effects of various manures on plants growing in pots in 1837, leading to a manure formed by treating phosphates with sulphuric acid; this was to be the first product of the nascent artificial manure industry. However, some continue to express reservations about its use. entertainment, news presenter | 4.8K views, 31 likes, 13 loves, 80 comments, 2 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from GBN Grenada Broadcasting Network: GBN News 28th April 2023 Anchor: Kenroy Baptiste. It planned and funded a simple cruciform system that connected major cities, ports and mining areas, and linked to neighboring countries. [62] This paved the way for Henry Bessemer and Robert Forester Mushet to develop the method for mass-producing steel. By the late 1940s, many of the assembly line factories of the First Industrial Revolution quickly evolved into fully automated factories. The chemical industries also moved to the forefront. The wide-ranging social impact of both revolutions included the remaking of the working class as new technologies appeared. Of the many factors that led to the Industrial Revolution, two of the biggest and most significant were the Embargo Act of 1807 and the War of 1812. [25][26] This set the stage for the electrification of industry and the home. Through this method, an open-hearth furnace can reach temperatures high enough to melt steel, but Siemens did not initially use it in that manner. In England, he attempted to implement his theories commercially through a fertilizer created by treating phosphate of lime in bone meal with sulfuric acid. p. 203. Increasingly, people moved from farms and villages into bigger towns and cities to find work in factories. READ MORE: The History of Firearms in the U.S. How did the Industrial Revolution change society? The chemist James Young set up a tiny business refining the crude oil in 1848. All unnecessary human motions were eliminated by placing all work and tools within easy reach, and where practical on conveyors, forming the assembly line, the complete process being called mass production. For many, the shift from rural to factory life was gruelingespecially for children. How the Second Industrial Revolution Changed People's Lives The next great advance in steel making was the SiemensMartin process. [14] His process was especially valuable on the continent of Europe, where the proportion of phosphoric iron was much greater than in England, and both in Belgium and in Germany the name of the inventor became more widely known than in his own country. 1520 Words 7 Pages Decent Essays Read More The Industrial Revolution And The War Of 1812 [75] The process used molecular nitrogen (N2) and methane (CH4) gas in an economically sustainable synthesis of ammonia (NH3). Highly efficient multiple expansion steam engines began being used on ships, allowing them to carry less coal than freight. The Second Industrial Revolution was as period of tremendous economic, industrial, and technological advancement taking place between the end of the American Civil War and the start of World War I. Ford is a great hero, Freeman says, but the other side of the coin is a nightmarish vision of the factory as Satans province.. Between 1865 and 1916, the transcontinental network of railroads, Americas magic carpet made of steel, expanded from 35,000 miles to over 254,000 miles. In 1913 these eight firms produced almost 90 percent of the world supply of dyestuffs, and sold about 80 percent of their production abroad. Print. Second Industrial Revolution - Wikipedia These changes included a wider distribution of wealth and increased international trade. The second most important reason was the improvements in health in sanitation. Britain retained its belief in free trade throughout this period. Then innovations in production line technology, materials science and industrial toolmaking made it easier to mass produce all kinds of goods that remade the American family and physical landscape. [60] Power was transmitted by means of two roller chains to the rear axle. Life got a whole lot faster. [30] Electric lighting in factories greatly improved working conditions, eliminating the heat and pollution caused by gas lighting, and reducing the fire hazard to the extent that the cost of electricity for lighting was often offset by the reduction in fire insurance premiums.