What was Roosevelt's policy towards labor? Building the Hetch Hetchy dam in such a remote location was an enormous project. Using executive powers, Roosevelt restricted private development on millions of acres of undeveloped government landmost in the Westadding them to the previously modest national forest system. Hetch-Hetchy Controversy 598, A battle between preservationists and San Francisco in 1913, over Hetch Hetchy valley in Yosemite. View of the OShaughnessy Dam and the Hetchy Hetchy Road and parking. A second crash occurred in October 1907, and was precipitated when, using money borrowed from F. Augustus Heinze, Heinze's brothers failed in their attempts to corner United Copper. Hetch Hetchy controversy Panic of 1907 William Howard Taft's presidency Children's Bureau New Nationalism election of 1912 The Progressive Party Woodrow Wilson's presidency New Freedom Federal Reserve act Keatings-Owen act "Big Stick" Diplomacy Open Door Policy Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine Platt amendment Panam Canal Pinchot argued that applying the principle of the greatest good for the greatest number, meant the benefits accrued to the people of San Francisco from having the dam far outweighed leaving the valley in its current state. It carried workers and materials for the dam, as well as tourists, postage and other amenities. The exploitation of Californias natural resources continued unabated in the years leading up to Hetch Hetchy. Who was picked to be Roosevelt's successor? Muir argued that every remaining acre of unentered forest-bearing land in all the country . Once again, the political pendulum would swing. San Francisco had its eyes on this water source early on and repeatedly tried to acquire water rights to the Tuolumne River. What was Wilson's first triumph as president? While youre at it, plan to add to the historic flavor of this route with a stop the Northern Mariposa County History Center. Donald Hodel, then Secretary of the Interior, suggested that the time might be ripe to remove the O . o Strongest in urban immigrant communities and Protestant farmers in the South and Midwest How did Wilson purpose to deal with the problem of monopolies? it to the people. o Laws passed restricting lobbying by business interests in state legislatures. o 146 workers (most women) died. William Howard Taft assumed the presidency in 1909he was Roosevelt's most trusted lieutenant and handpicked successor. For Pinchot, nature was a resource that ought to be sustainably shared among the most people possible. The Battle Over Hetch Hetchy: America's Most Controversial Dam and the Birth of Modern Environmentalism | Oxford Academic Online ISBN: 9780199788934 Print ISBN: 9780195149470 Publisher: Oxford University Press Book The Battle Over Hetch Hetchy: America's Most Controversial Dam and the Birth of Modern Environmentalism Get access Robert W. Righter The evidence was Hetch Hetchy ushered in a new era for the national parks. What were some early attacks on party dominance? Other trails also continue to Lake Vernon. Some believed in working for reform through electoral politics, others favored militant direct action. High temperatures prevail in summer months, but its a small price to pay for the reward of vast wilderness filled with stunning peaks, hidden canyons, and remote lakes. had particular strength in the West. Your email address will not be published. They were both initially carved by rivers flowing down the Sierras relatively gentle western slope. Through the manipulation of water, the company also had the power to determine which real estate became valuable and which languished. Clayton suggests that we are drawn to this conflict because its two characters embody deep conflicts within the American experience. Hull House Settlement home designed as a welfare agency for needy families. The privately owned Spring Valley Water Company had required its customers to pay exorbitant rates for years. The trail continues to climb for 1.8 miles (2.8 km) above the trail intersection, but you can turn around any time. Muir famously said, Dam Hetch Hetchy! Some argued society required a distinctive female "sphere"wives and mothers. Lukas Keel was an intern withHumanitiesmagazine. Muir was an immigrant, an evangelist, an individualistic outsider. Hetch Hetchy, for the time being, was safe, and it would not be inundated during Roosevelts watch.. Most turned to "helping" professionssociety considered domestic and suitable for women: o Primary Election: an attempt to take the selection of candidates away from the bosses and give o Settlement houses The first people, outside of Native Americans, to see the Hetch Hetchy Valley were Joseph, Nate and William Screechin 1850. He was upset with Taft and felt he was the only one that could reunite the Republican Party. T he APUSH practice exam appearing below consists of thirty-five multiple-choice questions. In national parks, preservation reigns king, the natural world kept, as best it can be, in its natural state. What caused a division between the president and the conservative wing of his party? Commission Plan: (city) mayor and council replaced by an elected nonpartisan commission Richard Ballinger was a conservative who was one of the main characters who was responsible for the progressive-conservative split in the GOP in 1912 (leading to the creation of the Bull Moose party), which is the factor that determined the GOP would be on the right side of the political spectrum (and therefore ensuring the Democrats would be on the left side of the spectrum). National opinion divided between giving San Francisco the right to dam the valley and preserving the valley from development. As the battle lines were drawn, the different methods employed by each side in presenting their case spoke to some of their basic assumptions about the nature of the issue. Chapter 28 Apush. At full capacity, the reservoir stretches eight miles (13 km) upstream of the OShaughnessy Dam. Pinchot upset and leaked the information to the press and asked Congress to investigate. The first targets were trusts (particularly the railroad). Why did women's clubs begin? Ballinger-Pinchot dispute: Ballinger was charged with having once conniving to turn over valuable public coal lands in Alaska to a private syndicate for personal profit. Taft investigated the charges and decided they were groundless. Once the glaciers retreated, tributaries leading into the main river were left hanging hundreds or thousands of feet above the valley floor, creating the beautiful waterfalls we know today. The same features that make Hetch Hetchy Valley so spectacular also make it an ideal location for a dam. From the turn-off, the road winds for 16.5 miles up the old Hetch Hetchy railroad grade (26.5 km) to the Hetch Hetchy Reservoir, passing many lonely trails along the way. It was such an evening as I have never had before or since. This friendship was critical to the success of the National Forest Commission. But many residents of San Francisco worried about finding enough water to serve their growing Population, saw the valley as an ideal place for a reservoir. o Interest groups. (Source: American Rivers, How Dams Damage Rivers). Western states accused Cleveland of an imperialist land grab. After the accounts have been adjusted at August 31, the end of the fiscal year, the following balances were taken from the ledger of Marcy Delivery Services Co.: Journalize the four entries required to close the accounts. Roosevelt knew that the Panic of 1907 and the divide between him and the conservatives in his party might make it hard for him to win the nomination of his party. The surface of the water hides an additional 300 feet of granite cliffs and once-upon-a-time waterfalls within its depths. Its chief concern was redeeming the nation's cities. Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire Mirror Lakes famous spring-time reflections capture the eye and mind. The muckrakers played a highly visible role during the Progressive Era. It involved the unintended consequences of efforts to shape the environment to meet human needs. Historians of the American conservation movement regard Pinchot as the foremost exemplar of the utilitarian approach to conservation, according to which man has a right to use natural resources, but also an obligation to use them wisely and efficientlyor as the classic criterion put it, the greatest good for the greatest number over the long run. As applied to forests and espoused by Pinchot, this meant that the nations forest reserves ought not to be maintained as inviolate sanctuaries, but opened to enlightened management.. "Social justice" a kind of justice that goes beyond the individual, seeking justice for society as a whole. movement. O'Shaughnessy Dam (California) - Wikipedia They also argued that it would help the temperance movementgiving the largest group of supporters a political voice. economy. What became one of the first targets of those working for political reform? Is your answer Subjects: 28 apush chapter . In the first years of the twentieth century, how did the suffrage movement gain strength? It carried workers and materials for the dam, as well as tourists, postage and other amenities. o One of the few labor organizations of the time to champion the cause of unskilled workers Why did progressives place a high value on knowledge and expertise? Hetch Hetchy was the first major battle of the environmental movement. The landscape painter Bierstadt, who brought his German Romantic training to the valley in 1862, gave the world an even larger portrait, and one in extravagant color, that photographers could not match on any scale. Formerly called Buck Meadows Restaurant and Bar, the new caf crosses rustic-mountain flair with roadside cafe friendliness. On this trip were Gifford Pinchot, a young forester who would eventually become the first chief of the U.S. Forest Service, and John Muir, the most famous naturalist in American history. Ultimately, after Cleveland threw out a congressional bill to withhold appropriations for the Forest Commissions new reserves, the issue landed at the feet of President William McKinley. He would sign what is known as the 1897 Organic Act into law. The Hetch Hetchy Controversy, 1903-13: Additional Resources in the Hetch Hetchy is on the main stem of the Tuolumne River and is part of the Tuolumne watershed. Looking up at Wapama Falls from the footbridge on the hiking trail. What impact did muckrakers have on the American public? In: Educational Resources, History, National Parks, Your email address will not be published. On returning home, he asked an Indian chief the name of the valley. was the first American president to take an active interest in environmental conservation Why did Roosevelt push for the passage of the Meat Inspection Act? Women found themselves excluded from most of the emerging professions. What was Taft's first problem in the opening months of his administration? History. There is a third concept, too, though it was little understood at the time. The battle over Hetch Hetchy was a fight to determine whether a beautiful valley would remain in its natural state or service the growing city of San Franciscos water needs. The Battle Over Hetch Hetchy: America's Most Controversial Dam and the Tammany Hall (NY Political Machine) began to use their political power on behalf of legislation to improve working conditions, protect child laborers, and eliminate the worst abuses of the industrial The construction of the Hetch Hetchy Railroad took place from 1915 to 1918. o Social cohesion: individuals are part of a great web of social relationships, and each person's o As president, he became a champion of cautious, moderate change. the double-declining-balance method is an accelerated method of depreciation. The larger issues at stake would frame environmental debates for years to come. Popular at the turn of the twentieth century, it was closely linked to the settlement house movement, which brought middle-class, Anglo-American service volunteers into contact with . Theodore Roosevelt led the fight in favor of building a dam at Hetch Hetchy. A. adopted several, but not all, major Populist issues. Direct Primary: It pitted a powerful city against a dedicated group of conservationists. The pressure that Muir and his compatriots generated in 1908 and 1909 did not dissuade the administration from its support of the Hetch Hetchy dam, but this pressure was quite effective in the realm of electoral politics. The battle for Hetch Hetchy wasnt just conservationists vs preservationists. Next to John Muir, the most vocal defender of the Hetch Hetchy Valley was Harriet Monroe. The report cited other dam projects in making the argument that this project would increase tourism. Was he a good choice? There are many places to stop and enjoy views of the rushing water before turning around to return to your car. Buck Meadows is also a great place to spend the night. How did their role change over time? Garfield had granted San Franciscos request, but Ballinger ordered the city to show cause as to why Hetch Hetchy should not be deleted from their grant. The Tuolumne River continues through Tuolumne Meadows and the associated park developments at an elevation of 8,600 feet. There, he met the same Indian chief and his wives. Gifford Pinchot, the first chief of the U.S. Forest Service, with his friend Theodore Roosevelt in 1907. What impact did the organization have on race relations? How much NorCal reservoirs shot up a week after big storm - SFGATE o Longer life expectancy Photo: Herbert W. Gleason courtesy of the Sierra Club. Hetch Hetchy valley was a spectacular valley highly populated with naturalists. Triangle Shirtwaist fire: Union Labor Party(California) passed a child labor law, a workmen's compensation law, and the limitation on working hours for women. What impact did it have on the temperance movement? Some argued that women needed to be able to vote especially if blacks, immigrants, and other "base" groups had access to the vote. His path roughly follows the John Muir Highway State Highway 132 that runs from Highway 49 in Coulterville up through Greeley Hill before connecting back into Highway 120 before Buck Meadows and the turn-off to Hetch Hetchy. What approach did W.E.B. The falls roar in spring and early summer. The construction of the Hetch Hetchy Railroad took place from 1915 to 1918. The Hetch Hetchy Valley was within Yosemite National Park and protected by the federal government, leaving it up to Congress to decide the valley's fate. Controversy continues to swirl around the Hetch Hetchy Dam even now. Would that be an improvement? Some opposed "bigness" because the considered it inefficient. Describe the controversy that destroyed Taft's popularity with reformers for good. Congress has set aside the Yosemite Valley as a state park in 1864, established a national park around it in 1890, and then reclaimed the valley as part of the national park in 1903. The trail to Wapama Falls is one of the most popular trails in the Hetch Hetchy area for a good reason. Tammany Hall: The constitutional amendment adopted in 1920 that guarantees women the right to vote. As well dam for water tanks the peoples cathedrals and churches, for no holier temple has ever been consecrated by the heart of man.'. Their distinct skills and conflicting views proved complementary, helping define the diversity of the American public lands system. The deciding factor was whether or not the land in question had access to water. Photo: Kim Lawson. But it was later struck down by the court. At the time, neither side understood the long-range consequences of human actions to manage the environment. It was the fourth Panic in 34 years. And in a larger sense, the waters of California served as the converting agents. One freezing night on the commission trip, the two talked until midnight, huddled around a campfire on the south rim of the Grand Canyon. What did the congressional elections of 1910 show? California needed secure, reliable access to drinking water for their burgeoning populations. Morgan not used to being told "no". The Federal Reserve Act set up a system of federal banks and gave the government power over the money supply. In 1896, the National Academy of Sciences created a National Forest Commission, tasked with researching and reporting policy recommendations for the administration of Americas forests. o Creation of a commission to regulate public utilities. Formed alliances with other women's groups to get things done (Women's Trade Union LeagueWTUL). Initiative: As it debated this legislation, Congress negotiated the fate of a federally protected valley located in Yosemite National Park-asking should the dam be built or the valley preserved? Whom did the party nominate? Like Muir, he was totally transfixed by the Hetch Hetchy Valley. . neither A nor B, Which statement regarding the controversy over Hetch Hetchy Valley is FALSE? o They advocated a single union for all workers and abolition of the "wage slave" system of terror in the first years of the twentieth century. o Reputation of a wild man o Member of New York legislature (young) What was the panic of 1907? Start by hiking across the OShaughnessy Dam then turn east along the shore of the reservoir. Like Muir, she felt the beauty of the valley was a national treasure which ought to be preserved. If you delight in getting off the well-beaten path, or if you are looking for a peaceful natural retreat, its perfection. As well dam for water-tanks the peoples cathedrals and churches, for no holier temple has ever been consecrated by the heart of man.. Hetch Hetchy Environmental Debates | National Archives o Almost all income producing activity had moved out of the home and into the factory/office As a consequence, visitors came to experience it for themselves. Democrats suffered many losses in congress. Appealed to workers, farmers and some middle-class Americans. o Banning campaign contributions by corporations Frenemies John Muir and Gifford Pinchot By the turn of the century, many turned their attention to the government (especially urban political machines). On December 19, 1913, Congress passed and President Wilson signed the Raker Act which permitted the building of the OShaughnessy Dam and the flooding of the Hetch Hethcy Valley in Yosemite National Park. Modern Founded in 1903 by Jane Addams, Mary Anderson and other trade unionists, the Women's Trade Union League (WTUL) devoted itself to securing better occupational conditions for women and encouraging women to join the labor movement. No spam. o Many had been trapped inside the burning building because management had locked the It became a powerful movement within American Protestantism. o Election of the mayor nonpartisan Answer (a), (b), and (c). Public disapproval nationwide with the Raker Act helped to bring about the creation of the National Park Service. He supported the Keating-Owen Act, which was the first federal law regulating child labor. He was a firm believer in utilitarian conservation. Theodore Roosevelt led the fight in favor of building a dam at Hetch Hetchy. In March 1907, the stock market crashed because of over-expansion and poor speculation. The founder of the Sierra Club worshiped the outdoor world. But what about when the lake dries? It damming in the 1920's caused major controversy among environmentalists. Another popular trail crosses the OShaughnessy Dam and then takes a left turn to climb steeply out of the Hetch Hetchy valley. To get to Hetch Hetchy, turn north off Highway 120 onto Evergreen Road about 1 mile (2.2 km) outside the Big Oak Flat Entrance gate, and 12.5 miles (20 km) east of the small community of Buck Meadows. Although Hetch Hetchy is included within the boundaries of Yosemite National Park, the entrance is separate from the rest of the park. General Federation of Women's Clubs (GFWC): formed to coordinate the activities of local organizations. While Wilson was an advocate for reform there were some issues he wasn't ready to endorsewomen's suffrage and racial tension/segregation. had more authority in the west then the state and municipal governments. The first is utilitarian conservation. Hetch Hetchy | Hetch Hetchy Dam & Reservoir History | Yosemite.com Yosemite's Accidental Wilderness | Sierra Club 46. o Some felt that we needed to help the new residents adapt to American society. o Some educated women shunned marriagewanted to stay active in the public world. Were they successful? To help the poor, there must be an improvement in the conditions. be called after a sufficient number of citizens had signed a petition. o 1911, Triangle Shirtwaist Company in New York destroyed by a terrible fire. They needed to find a way to increase the power of the electorate and decrease the power of the bosscontrolled legislatures. Men and municipalities who wish something for nothing will encroach upon them, if permitted. What did the club movement allow women to do? This law clearly proclaimed that the federal government, following the Forest Commissions recommendation, would preserve new public lands for the use and necessities of citizens in the United States. It clearly states the conservationist theory of land management, the legacy of Pinchots work with the Forest Commission. They respected each other, and acknowledged their shared appreciation for the natural world. The naturalists and advocates of the dam argued for years and eventually after WWI, the dam was approved and constructed. San Francisco could flood the valley and work began the following year. Since December 19, 1913, when the Raker Act was signed by President Wilson, there has been a lamentation on the loss of Hetch Hetchy Valley. If the nation set aside some natural places as especially sacred, how far beyond their borders should a sense of the sacred extend? Guinn v. United States (1915): Supreme Court declared the grandfather clause in Oklahoma law was unconstitutional. Helped turn his state into what reformers across the nation called the "laboratory of progressivism". Why did women's suffrage seem such a radical demand during progressive time? Chapter 20 APUSH Flashcards | Quizlet Monroe went on to lobby members of Congress as the battle moved to Washington D.C. She was a tireless advocate who believed that people needed to be educated in order to do what was best for everyone involved.