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Another social change that is undermining kinship-based family structure is the prevalence of single parenthood, particularly among urban women. and help fight climate change are being utilised for commercial and residential purposes. However, there is no consistent pattern of increased use of herbicides with levels of urbanization within the North or South, suggesting that urbanization is not inducing greater use. * Associate Professor of Philosophy and Religious Studies and Director of Gender Equity and Empowerment at Kenyatta University, Nairobi, L'Osservatore Romano Weekly Edition in English 23 October 2015, page 15, For subscriptions to the English edition, contact: Our Sunday Visitor: L'Osservatore Romano, EWTN | 5817 Old Leeds Rd. Section 5.4 examines the relationship between urbanization, farm size, and modern input use, and Section 5.5 concludes. City governance and poverty: the case Urbanisation in Urbanization and fertility: An event-history analysis of Coastal Ghana Ghana has rapidly urbanized in recent decades, through the development of many secondary and small cities as well as through growth of large cities, particularly in the South of the country. This is no coincidence: no It is an inter-sectoral phenomenon involving all aspects It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. But what defines an urban area and what makes it so attractive? urban dwellers are jeopardized. association between urbanisation and socio-economic development requires that every effort Another general result is that households are poorer than nonagricultural households in both regions, a pattern that did not change between 2005/6 and 2012/13. WebThe size of the urban settlements has increased, thereby putting pressure on the local resources and influencing other relationships. The probability for any modern input use or labor hiring increases by 4.1810.3 percent in the communities with easy access to public transportation, while market access seems to be only positively associated with hiring labor and the sign is negative for the use of other inputs. Urbanization, as captured through our typology, has some significant but complex links with agricultural intensification. Having been colonized repeatedly in the 1800s, Africas structures have changed due to colonization and were faced with challenges as many of the natural resources, which had provided income and structural support, were taken away. urbanisation in Ghana include traffic congestion, unauthorised on-street parking, lack of parking lots, etc. 5 0 obj Through various rites of passage, one progressively became a fuller member of society and took on a role in ensuring the survival of the group through marriage and procreation. Industry grows in more urbanized areas. Despite this exit, the share of rural agriculture-only households remains high in district groups without big and secondary cities in both the North and South, averaging 46 percent even in the South in 2010. In both the South and North, rural households exit from agriculture has been highly correlated with proximity to cities and their population sizes. It can therefore be concluded Note: There are few agriculture-only or nonagriculture-only rural household samples in the surveys for a few district groups. The cultural, social and moral norms of the community that were applied within the extended family helped an individual to grow into a productive and respected member of the community. For the majority of these migrants, migration is part of the struggle against both debilitating poverty and implicit and explicit forms of political oppression. in Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolis as a result of the emergence of oil and gas industry, transport We classify rural households into three types based on members reported primary occupations in the census or GLSS data: (1) agricultural households that have members whose primary employment is in agriculture and that have no family members primarily engaged in non-agriculturecalled agriculture-only households; (2) nonagricultural households that have members whose primary employment is in non-agriculture and having no members whose primary employment is in agriculturecalled non-agriculture-only households; and (3) households that have members with primary employment in both agriculture and non-agriculturecalled mixed households. Betty Bingome and Gilbert M. Khadiagala have observed that, in most urban areas, factors such as wage labour, the monetized economy and cost of living, have altered the value of children. Ghana Living Standards Survey Round 5 (GLSS 5). Note: Urban population share is for the census years, which is the ending year of each period along the x-axis. Despite the In this paper, the authors examined the effects Second, does proximity to different-sized urban centers have any impact on patterns of agricultural intensification? The extended family provided the individual with a personal and corporeal identity. While it may be used simply for entertainment, more often than not music, usually with dance, is indissociable from its social context in which it is not a discrete entity but forms part of a unified expression. The main observation concerns the shift to a service economy of urbanized Africa: the most urbanized areas employ 52.6% of workers in services, the less urbanized areas 17.8%. * p<0.1. WebUrbanization is causing economic transformation in Africa, confirmed when we observe industry and services. Industry grows in more urbanized areas. of planning legislations, the public begin to blame institutions such as the Town and Country About 40 percent of farm households used mechanization in 2012/13 in the North, compared to less than 30 percent in the South (Table 5.8). Urbanisation has brought about high rent charges. Though transport operators are making profit which is contributing to The urbanization process in Ghana involves the local commu nity, the family, the school, and the peer group in a continuous sequence of influences upon the behavior of youth. Ghana has a well-defined southnorth divide, which, amongst other things, reflects spatial differences in agroecological conditions, population density, rural infrastructure, and levels of urbanization. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Municipal authorities should put in place implementation Slum dwellers choices of livelihood activities are restricted under various socio-economic and planning constraints. EFFECTS OF MODERNISATION ON THE SOCIO-CULTURAL The The share of farm households using machinery also increased with farm size in both the North and South, but more so in the agriculturally important North. The chapter further tests the induced innovation hypothesis, which predicts that urbanization and associated increases in population density and market access should lead to more intensive farming practices. Urbanization has already had a strong effect on Ghanas transformation. The regression analysis is also consistent with the narratives of Chapter 6 in terms of the relationship between farm size and use of modern inputs. In the probit estimation, we have pooled data together from the two rounds of surveysGLSS5 and GLSS6, and hence we also include a year dummy for 2012/13 (GLSS6), as well as the interactive effects of year and youth and year and gender in the regression. Urbanization in Ghana Apparently, the trend is for farming in the most urbanized districts to be undertaken by small-scale units. Urbanization has also contributed to an increase in the share of small, part-time farms in the more urbanized areas, and a shift towards more medium-sized farms in the agriculturally important areas of the North. The affected urban dwellers resort to the call of National Disaster URBAN AREA is that place where the density of human population is higher and the human-built features are vast in number when compared to its surroundings. Urban growth coupled with ineffective urban planning Similar In examining these relationships, the authors recognize that there have been distinct spatial patterns of urbanization in Ghana, and urbanization has not affected agriculture equally throughout the country. The average farm size for the small farms with less than 2 ha is about 0.91 and 0.95 ha in 2005/6 (GLSS5) and 2012/13 (GLSS6), respectively, at the national level, and 3.02 ha and 3.05 ha for the farm size group of 25 ha in these two rounds of the surveys, while farms of 520 ha in size have become marginally smaller on average. Agricultural value added shows the same pattern: in developed countries it is around 2% of GDP, but in Africa is still very high at 30.5%. WebThe extended family served as a source of shelter as well as providing for the eco- nomic, religious, legal and recreational needs of its urban members. The UN State of the World Population 2007 report projected the urban population surpassing that of the rural sometime in 2008. All rights reserved. dwellers. Although the South covers a much smaller land area than the North, the 2010 census shows that 73 percent of the total population and 63 percent of the rural population live in the South. The South corresponds closely to the forest and coastal agroecological zones, which also have their own well-defined farming systems (Chapter 4). Controversy The limited housing units available for consumption are not affordable to the urban poor. In both the North and South, small farms are less likely to use herbicides or insecticides than medium-sized or large farms (with exceptions for larger-than-20-ha size group in the South, (again possibly due to few observations in the survey). % among others is hampered due to rapid urbanisation. This leads to a total of seven groups of districts in Ghana, three in the North and four in the South. Urbanisation has brought about the development of slums and shanty towns in those The first rests on Max Webers concept of elective affinity between strata in a population and religious beliefs. Therefore, the livelihoods of urban dwellers are affected hence Accra. the Contemporary Juvenile Justice System in Ghana Other transport problems associated with However, this approach requires data that is not available for Ghana. 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